Aeta, Philippines 24
Africa 9, 15, 42, 47, 63, 75, 81, 91, 97, 118, 128, 130, 148, 160, 169, 171, 175
Alaska (see glaciers; Alaska)
alien species (see invasive species; exotic species)
alvar 89
amelioration 11, 132, 183, 184
Anasazi (Pueblo), southwestern USA 8, 88, 91
ancient cultures 88
anthropogenic 158 (see also disturbance: anthropogenic)
aqueduct 120
Asia 2, 43, 68, 94, 107, 118, 128, 134
Atlantic Ocean 63, 64, 119, 134, 160
Arctic 63
Australia 9, 41, 88, 95, 96, 98, 128, 134, 145–9, 160, 165, 166, 168–71, 173, 174
Babylonians 8
Bangladesh 4, 64, 118 (see also hurricanes: Bangladesh)
Bering Strait 59
biodiversity 7, 48, 123, 174, 176, 178, 186–7
biological legacy 18, 84
nunataks 84
dagale 84, 152
kipuka 2, 84
biome 67, 179
bioremediation 181
biotic invasions 2, 57 (see also invasive species)
Blood Rain 42
bog 127
boreal forest 127–9, 149
Canada 34, 87, 102, 149 (see also glaciers: Canada)
Canary Islands 74, 75
exotic species 187
restoration 187
Catania, Italy 75
catastrophe 17, 18
Cayman Islands 4
Central America 107, 150, 158, 167
Central Asia 15, 43, 47, 118, 170
Chile 28, 34, 102, 148
China 42, 51, 87, 104, 106, 117, 171 (see also desertification: China)
cliff morphology 89–92
cliffs 8, 19, 20, 25, 43, 59, 72, 87–98, 182
Afghanistan Buddhas 93
Blue Mountains, Australia
Canyon Lands, Utah 97, 98
dwellings (see Anasazi)
ecological lessons 91, 98–9
ecology of 94–6
erosion 8, 89–91, 96
Great Ocean Road, Australia 88, 90, 98
Gullfoss, Iceland 91, 94
human responses to 91–4
Icelandic Althing 47, 93 (see also Iceland; lava: Thingvellir)
Iguaçu Falls, Brazil-Argentina 94
Incas (Peru) 91, 95
Lamington National Park, Queensland, Australia 88
Mesa Verde, Colorado 88
Niagara Falls, USA 94, 95
recreation 91, 94
refugia
Switzerland 94
Vermont 11, 95, 122
Wollemi pine 95
Zion National Park, USA 79, 88
climate change 2, 22, 55–7, 59–65, 68–70, 186 (see also global warming)
climax community 50
climax vegetation 50
coastal shores 7, 19–21, 25
Colombia 33, 103
colonization 35, 43, 44, 64–7, 69, 82–4, 94–5, 97, 110, 151, 163
commons, tragedy of 169, 171
communities (natural) 11
competition 11, 49, 110–12, 182, 183
coral reefs 2, 18, 23, 43, 159, 167
coulee 48, 57
Crete 32
crisis 7, 144
cryptobiotic crust 50
Dante Alighieri 79
Darwin, Australia 38
deforestation 2, 7, 24, 107, 179 (see also logging)
derelict site 38
desertification vii, 7, 22, 42, 47–8, 51, 52, 167, 169, 171, 175
Amu Darya Valley, Afghanistan 51
Asia
China 51, 52
Indus Valley
Nigeria 51
Sumerians 51
destruction 1
debris flows 103, 132
fire 151–3
glaciers
hurricanes 160, 161
lahars 19, 24
tsunamis 2, 23
volcanoes 28, 73–87
deterministic factors 37
devastated ecosystems 12, 25
dispersal 10, 11, 30, 34, 35, 45, 65–6, 84, 97, 123, 125, 131, 182, 183
post-glacial 65, 68–9
primary succession
disturbance 4, 11, 12, 17–18, 188
anthropogenic 6–7, 16, 22, 144, 158, 179, 188 (see also humancaused disasters)
frequency 10, 22, 23, 151, 161
human interactions 1, 3, 149–51
intensity 10, 18, 22, 161
interactions 16, 22–6, 39–40, 55, 70, 85–7, 98, 101, 114, 125–6, 132, 158–9, 165–7, 175–6
natural vii, 2, 4, 8–10, 14–17, 22, 144
severity 18–19, 23
type 7, 14–17, 20–5
disturbance regime 10, 16
anthropogenic 10, 12, 23
natural 10, 12, 23
drought 9, 12, 15, 22, 23, 25, 36, 95, 126, 148, 158, 182
dune slack 44, 46, 50
dunes vii, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 40–55, 58, 98, 127, 128, 159, 175, 182, 186 (see also sand dunes)
acacia 45
Alamogordo, New Mexico 40
Amu Darya (Afghanistan) 51
banksia 45, 48
blowout 53
coastal Oregon 44
coastal dunes 27, 48, 50, 53 (see also sand dunes: coastal)
Cooloola Dunes 40, 41
desert dunes 2, 47, 53 (see also sand dunes: interior)
destruction of lakes 54
European beach grass 53
Fraser Island 46, 48, 54
Heron Island 45
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana 128
invasions 27, 54
Karoo Desert (South Africa) 53
Lake Michigan 45, 46, 54
Lanphere Dunes, California 53
Lawrence, T. E. 47
Mozambique 40
Pickart, A. 53
Queensland 40, 41, 45–8, 54
she-oak 45
shelterbelt 52
stabilization 44–6, 49, 53
southwestern USA 50
White Sands (USA) 53
earthquake 1, 3, 5, 6, 12, 15, 21–3, 32, 70, 76, 98, 101, 103, 107, 114, 131, 154, 180 (see also landslides: earthquakes)
Antioch, Turkey 5
Bam, Iran 5
Corinth, Greece 5
Kanto Plain, Japan 5
Lisbon, Portugal 5, 104
mountainous Pakistan 5
Shanzi Province, China 5
ecological footprint 2
ecological lessons
fertile, unstable habitats 20, 142
fertile, stable habitats 21, 176
infertile, stable habitats 98–9
infertile, unstable habitats 20, 27–70
ecological succession (see also succession)
economic value 186
ecosystem vii
ecotourism 34
Kilauea 85
on lava 85
Tongariro National Park 127
Egyptians (Pharaohic) 118, 179
El Niño (see hurricanes; ElNiñ)
erosion 7, 8, 21, 23, 28, 32, 33, 37, 42, 95, 98, 101, 104, 107, 108, 126, 144, 146, 153–5, 157, 171, 182 (see also soil erosion)
on volcanoes 1, 20
wind 165
water 1, 118, 124
establishment 34–6, 82
estuary 21, 25, 101, 132, 133
Willapa Bay, Washington
Europe 1, 4, 15, 49, 59–61, 64, 65, 68, 91, 118, 119, 137, 145, 149, 169, 171
evapotranspiration 22
exotic species vii, 22, 23, 25, 37, 50, 52, 113–14, 125, 139, 146, 168, 173–5 (see also invasive species)
facilitation 34, 49, 84, 182
fen 160
fertility (see soil fertility)
fire vii, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 15, 17, 19, 21–3, 25, 114, 145–59, 180, 183
Aborigines, Australia 145, 149–50
Adelaide, Australia 146
Amazon Basin, Brazil 148, 149 (see also rivers: Amazon)
Barcelona, Spain 146
beneficial effects 145
Canberra, Australia 146, 149–50, 155
Cape Town, South Africa 146, 147
causes 145, 147
Chicago, Illinois 6
climates 149
Colorado, USA 147
ecological lessons 176
ecological responses 151–3
firebreaks 156
forest fires 148
global warming 149, 158 (see also global warming)
grazing 158, 167–76
human interactions 145–51
human responses 149–51
intentional (purpose) 147
landslides 158
lessons 176
London, England 6
management 146, 153–4, 159
Mediterranean climate 147, 148, 150, 152, 159
Native Americans 149
natural 151
Northern Territory, Australia
prescribed 145, 147
regime
restoration 156
return interval 146, 151
Rome, Italy 6
Russia 149
San Francisco, California
Santa Ana winds 148
Santa Monica, California 146
shifting agriculture 150, 164
sirocco wind 148
South Africa 148, 156
succession 157
suppression 145–6, 152–4, 156
taiga (boreal forest) 148–9
Yellowstone National Park, Colorado 16, 156, 157
Yosemite National Park, California 154
fire tolerance 147
Douglas fir 151
chaparral 151, 152
eucalyptus 152
larch 152
lodgepole pine 16, 151
maquis 147
oaks 148, 152
pyrogenic taxa 152
redwoods 152
Sequoia 151
floodplains 15, 19–21, 70, 100, 114–26, 142, 183 (see also rivers)
Alaska 119, 124
Colorado River 117, 124, 125, 130 (see also Grand Canyon)
dams (see also rivers: dams)
disturbance interaction 125–6
ecological lessons from 157–8, 176
ecological responses 123
exotic species (see also exotic species)
human interactions 100, 118–25
in history 114–15, 117–21
New Zealand 116, 118
Nile River, Egypt 100, 118, 120 (see also rivers: Nile)
salinization (see also salinization)
Tigris-Euphrates, Iraq 51, 100, 119
types 116–18
waste disposal 122
floods vii, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14–16, 24, 70, 114, 116, 121, 126, 146, 151, 154, 158, 180
control 10, 119, 121, 137
destructive force 24, 107
human responses 118–22
Mississippi River 121
Rakaia River Gorge, New Zealand 15
restoration (see also restoration)
Yellow River, China 6
fragmentation 25, 36, 180
gallery forest 125
glaciers vii, 7, 15–17, 22, 25, 27, 30, 39, 55–70, 86, 87, 98, 125, 126
Alaska 59, 61, 64, 65, 67, 69, 75, 76, 122
Antarctic 33, 56, 62–3, 65, 75, 86
Canada 57, 61, 67, 69
Canterbury Plains, New Zealand 57
Drangajökull Glacier, Iceland 61
ecological lessons from 65–8, 70
Emmons Glacier, Washington 58
foreland 19, 59, 62, 65
Fox Glacier, New Zealand 115
Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand 60–2
Glacier Bay, Alaska 59, 60, 64, 65
Glacier National Park, Montana 63
human mummies 55, 56, 64
Iceland 57, 58, 60, 65, 67
Montana, USA 63
Great Plains, USA 57
Greenland 33, 56, 57, 61–3
Jutland, Denmark 57
moraine 58, 67, 68, 109, 114, 115, 182
Mount Kenya 63
Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 63
Mount Monadnock, New Hampshire 57
Mount Shasta, USA 63
Muir Glacier, Alaska 60
mountain 63, 64, 68
Ötzi the Iceman 56, 64
Siberia 57
South AmericaSouth America 63, 64
Svalbard 57
West Meren Glacier, New Guinea 63
global warming 2, 22, 47, 61–5, 126, 131, 132, 158, 159, 161 (see also climate change)
globalization 3, 16–17
Grand Canyon, USA 91, 117, 119, 124 (see also floodplains: Colorado River)
grassland 123, 147
grazing vii, 2, 6, 7, 11, 17, 19, 21, 53, 55, 101, 126, 131, 158, 183
Africa 170, 172, 175
Andes 175
Australia 170, 172
Australian possum 168
central Asia 172
camels (in Australia) 171, 172
commons 171
competition (see also competition)
deer 169
desertification 169, 171, 175 (see also desertification)
degradation 169–70
dust clouds 171, 175
ecological lessons from
ecological responses 172–3
Easter Island 173
elk 169, 173
erosion 171
exotic species 173
extinction 167, 173
goats 168, 174
Greece 169
human interactions 168
human responses 174–5
interior South America 170
livestock 170, 175 (see also livestock)
Morocco 169
North American West 169
Northern Mexico 170
Olympic National Park, Washington 168
overgrazing 22, 167, 169–73, 175
pastoralism 171
physical setting 169–70
rabbits (in Australia) 22, 174
rehabilitation 170, 175
restoration 170, 171, 175
Queensland, Australia 169
Sahara Desert 170
salinization 171 (see also salinization)
salmon gum 174
sand dunes (see also dunes)
sheep 174
Sicily 175 (see also Sicily)
South Africa (see also dunes: Karoo Desert)
Utah, USA 169
weeds (see also invasive species)
Xingjian Province, China 169
Yellowstone National Park, USA 169
Greenland 60–1, 63 (see also glaciers: Greenland)
Gulf Stream 56, 64, 160
habitat conversion 186
habitat heterogeneity
Hawaii 28, 42, 74–7, 83–5, 89, 101, 113, 162, 187
Hawaiian traditions 74
herbivore 6, 17, 182
herbivory 11, 152 (see also grazing)
Himalayan Mountains 56, 68
human-caused disasters 25 (see also disturbance: anthropogenic)
human responses to 37–8
cliffs 96–7 (see also cliffs: human responses)
dunes 51–5
fire 144, 153–8 (see also fire: human responses)
floods (see floodplains; human interactions)
glaciers 68–70
grazing (see grazing; human responses)
landslides 113–115
lakes (see lakes; human responses)
lava 85
hurricanes (see hurricanes; human responses)
volcanoes 2, 37–8
hurricanes vii, 2, 6, 7, 14–16, 18, 19, 21–4, 39, 101, 114, 126, 135, 154, 159–67, 183
Australia 160, 164, 165
Bangladesh 161 (see also Bangladesh)
Charley 167
Cecropia 165, 167
coastal destruction 159, 161, 166
ecological lessons from 176
ecological impacts 164
El Niño 160
Galveston, Texas 6
Gilbert 167
global warming 159
Great Britain 160, 165
Honduras
Hugo 157, 162, 163, 165–7
human impacts 166
human responses 164–5
Katrina 4, 121, 161, 165
Larry 165
Mitch 40, 158, 167
Monica 164, 166
physical setting 159–60
Puerto Rico 162, 163 (see also Puerto Rico)
recovery
Sea of Japan 6
succession 165, 166
tree ferns 167
Hypsithermal period 59
iceberg 62
ice cores 33
ice plant 97
Iceland 1, 33, 39, 57, 58, 60, 61, 65, 75, 85–7, 90, 93, 94, 96 (see also glaciers: Iceland)
Icelandic traditions 39, 74, 78
Native Americans (USA) (see also fire: Native Americans)
Indian Ocean 14, 23, 64, 75, 187
Indonesia 5, 9, 23, 28, 33, 34, 75, 80, 148
inhibition 182
infertility 9, 70, 98–9 (see also soil infertility)
invasive species 2, 15, 131, 136, 147, 173, 180, 183, 186 (see also exotic species)
cordgrass 139
Cytisus 15
tamarisk (see also lakes: tamarisk)
irrigation 119–21, 158
Mesopotamia 119
Egypt (see also floodplains: Nile River)
salinization 119
Italy 23, 34, 83, 89
Japan 1, 28, 34, 37, 38, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 98–9, 160
jökulhlaup 57–8, 61, 62
Iceland 58, 61
Peru 62
Kamchatka Peninsula 30, 31, 34, 75–8, 86, 121
karst 87, 89
Kuril Islands 75
lakes 7, 21, 128
Aral Sea, Uzbekistan 125, 130, 132
beaver dams 131
drawdown 129–31
Emerald Lakes, New Zealand 127
formed by debris 132
global warming 131, 132 (see also global warming)
human interactions 128–30
human responses 128–32
Kazakhstan 130
Lake Chapala 129
Lake Mead, Nevada 117, 124
Lake Powell, Arizona 129
Lake Chad, west Africa 130
restoration of Aral Sea 132
salinization 127, 130–2 (see also salinization)
shrinking 128–31
tamarisk 132 (see also invasive species: tamarisk)
lakeshores 19–21, 126–32, 142, 183
ecological lessons from 130–1
primary succession 126–8
restoration 131–2
zonation 125, 130
landfills 113, 181, 182
landscape ecology 37, 85
landslides 2, 3, 6, 15, 16, 19–25, 39, 59, 70, 72, 98, 101–15, 126, 127, 142, 146, 157, 158, 167, 175, 180, 183
Aberfan, Wales 6
Ancash, Peru 106
Andes 103
Cauca, Colombia 106
causes 101, 103–4
competition 110–2
earthquakes 101, 107, 114 (see also earthquakes)
ecological lessons from 142
ecological responses 109–12
Huancavelica, Peru 106
humans as cause
human responses 112–14
Hurricane Mitch 6, 21
impacts on humans 104–8, 175
Kashmir earthquake
Mount Cook, New Zealand 5, 103
Mount Rainier, USA 103
Mount St. Helens, USA 108 (see also Mount St. Helens)
Napo, Ecuador 106, 107
New Zealand 101, 102, 104
Papua New Guinea 106
Puerto Rico 105, 109–11, 113 (see also Puerto Rico)
Sichuan, China 106
Shanxi Province, China 104
stabilization methods 104, 109, 112–14
types 101–4
Utah, USA omit
volcanoes 101, 107, 114
Yunnan Province, China 106
Lava 8, 18–20, 28, 34, 72–87, 98, 126, 182 (see also volcanoes: lava)
a’a 76
Iceland 81, 90
lapilli 30
pahoehoe 76–8, 83
Thingvellir 74, 93 (see also Iceland)
legacy effects 69
lessons learned 9 (see also ecological lessons)
Azores 187
biodiversity 178, 186–7
Canary Islands 187
fire tree (Myrica) 187
fragmentation 180, 186
guidelines 183–6
human alteration 179–81
human intensification 179
lessons applied 182–3
natural recovery 178–9, 182, 184
natural models 181
new rules 181
ōhià (Metrosideros) 183–7
restoration 181, 182, 185
Réunion Island 187
life history characteristics
Little Ice Age 60
livestock 39, 55, 57, 158, 169–71, 173 (see also grazing: livestock)
loess
logging 4, 22, 101, 114, 131, 152, 158
lupines (Lupinus spp.) 49, 50
mangroves 2, 23, 132–42, 159, 167, 183
biological adaptations 135
destruction of 137–8, 140
ecological lessons from 140
ecological processes 140
Florida
geographic extent 134–5
in Vietnam 141
in Darwin, Australia 134, 142
pneumatophore 135
protecting coastlines 138
restoration 141–2
succession 140
value to humans 136, 137
zonation 134
Maori, New Zealand 74, 78, 79, 137
marsh 7, 101
Martinique 29
Mayans (the Mexica people) 8
McMurdo Sound 62
Messina, Italy 3, 23
Mexico 129, 134, 167
microsite 32, 35, 49, 78, 82, 83, 86, 91, 92, 95, 182
microtopography 49
Middle East
mine tailings 6, 10, 70, 98, 102, 181, 182
mine wastes 2, 37, 38, 69, 85, 114, 182, 185
coal tips 185
Minoan culture 1, 32
Moche River, Peru 179
monadnock 57
monitoring 37, 186
Mount St. Helens 36, 106, 132 (see also volcanoes: Mount St. Helens)
lupines 36 (see also lupines)
multiple stable states 51
mythical beings (see also myths)
Hanaka (Arawak storm god) 14
Vulcan (Greek fire god) 14, 79
Pelé 14, 74
Poseidon 14
myths 73, 74, 78–81
Mount Etna, Italy 73, 79–80
Mount Fuji, Japan 74, 80
Mount Mayon, Philippines 74, 81
Mount St. Helens, USA 78
Mount Taranaki 74, 79
Popocatépetl, Mexico 74, 79
Tengger Crater, Java 74, 80–1
Native Americans 8, 74, 78, 88, 91, 185
natural disaster vii, viii, 3–9
New Hampshire, USA 57
New Zealand 2, 15, 33, 34, 57, 62, 65, 75, 79, 96, 97, 102, 115, 116, 118, 122, 125, 127, 134, 168
nitrogen-fixing species 35, 47, 49, 52, 67–9, 84, 111, 114, 119, 182
Nicaragua 110, 142
nitrogen fixation 35, 67–8, 84
alders 35, 59, 67
broom shrubs 84
Coriaria (tutu) 35
faya tree 68
lupines 35, 36, 67
North America 15, 42, 49, 57, 59, 64, 68, 118, 119, 123, 125, 129, 131, 133, 136, 137, 139, 148, 149, 153, 160, 169
North Pole 63
Norway 63, 64, 69, 100, 102
nunatak 57, 69, 84
overgrazing 2, 7, 42, 47, 55, 107, 114, 131, 169–73, 179
Pacific Ocean 64, 75, 103, 107, 160
pathogen 23, 151, 153
performance standards 184, 186
Peru 81, 91, 100, 106, 121, 179
Philippines 24, 25, 37, 75, 76, 81
pioneers 11, 45
Pleistocene lakes
Bonneville, Utah 117
Lahontan, Nevada 28, 117
Missoula, Montana 24, 29
Plinean eruption 30
Pliny the Elder 29, 32
Pliny the Younger 29, 32
pollution 2, 7, 18
air 68, 175, 187
water 122
Polynesian traditions
Pompeii, Italy 29
population
human vii, 1, 3, 7, 47, 180
expansion 47, 171
Powell, John Wesley 119
predation 96, 141
prescribed burn 153, 158
priority effects 35
Puerto Rico 18, 89, 103, 112, 114, 117, 163, 166, 167
pyrogenic (see also fire tolerance: pyrogenic taxa)
reclamation 53 (see also restoration)
recovery viii, 1, 8–11, 19, 21, 25, 26, 29, 109, 144, 148, 176 (see also restoration)
refugia 35
rehabilitation 16, 38, 51, 52, 96–7, 183–6 (see also restoration: recovery)
relict species 3
resilience 7, 145, 176
restoration viii, ix, 7–9, 19, 20, 34, 37, 38, 50–5, 69, 75, 85, 113, 145, 156, 171, 174–6, 181–6, 188
Crissey Fields, California 186
Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania 72, 183
Lanphere Dunes, California (see also dunes: Lanphere)
Miyawaki, A 37
reforestation 37, 52, 174
return interval 18
fire (see also fire: return interval)
hurricane 18
rhizosphere
Ring of Fire 75
riparian zone 123, 125, 128
rivers 15, 70, 98, 114–26 (see also floodplains)
Amazon, South America 7, 116, 119, 121, 124, 140 (see also fire: Amazon)
dams 93, 101, 121, 123, 130, 142
Danube, Europe 116
irrigation (see also irrigation)
Kokatahi, New Zealand 118
Mississippi, North America 116, 121
Nile, Africa 100, 116, 118, 120 (see also floodplains: Nile)
Ob-Irtysh, Russia 116
pollution (see also pollution: water)
recreation 121
Tiber, Rome, Italy 120, 147
Yangtze, China 116
roads 69, 72, 81, 85, 87, 88, 94, 96–8, 101, 107, 113–15, 137, 142, 158, 175, 179, 181, 182
rouches moutonnées 57
safe-site 35, 49, 53, 181
Sahara Desert 48 (see also grazing: Sahara Desert)
salinization 5, 8, 17, 120, 131
salt marshes 132–42, 171, 183, 186
destruction of 137
ecological processes in 135, 138–9
ecological lessons from 137–9
ecological value 136, 139
geographic extent 133–4
global warming 133
Haida people 136
productivity 134, 135
restoration 138, 141
Tongass National Forest, Alaska 133
value to humans 135–8
Willapa Bay, Washington 136, 139
zonation 138
sand dunes 27 (see also dunes)
coastal 42, 43, 48 (see also dunes: coastal)
interior 2, 27, 39, 43, 47, 51
Sears, P. 55
sandur 39, 57–8
savanna 15, 179
security 8–9
seed bank 133
shifting agriculture (see also fire: shifting agriculture)
Shinto tradition 80
shrubland 15
Siberia 87, 129
Sicily 9, 34, 42, 75, 81, 85 (see also grazing: Sicily)
Mount Etna mythology
siltation
silviculture 144
slash and burn agriculture 150 (see also shifting agriculture)
soil erosion 89–91 (see also erosion)
soil fertility 18–22, 47, 68
soil infertility 19, 20, 47, 121
South America 94, 107, 169 (see also glaciers: South America)
Sri Lanka 23
stability 19, 43, 70, 72, 98–9, 107, 109
stabilization 34, 44, 51–5, 85, 96–7, 109, 112–14, 182, 183
storm surge 23
succession viii, ix, 8–10, 28, 29, 34–8, 47, 49–51, 55, 64–8, 72, 73, 75, 82–5, 95–6, 102, 110–13, 123, 140, 182, 185
allogenic 11
arrested
autogenic 11
deflected 10
ecological 10, 49
glacier forelands 34–7
Lake Michigan 44
mangrove (see also mangrove: succession)
Mauna Loa, Hawaii (see also volcanoes: Mauna Loa)
Mount Etna, Sicily (see also volcanoes: Mount Etna)
natural 9, 10, 37
positive feedback 35
primary viii, 8–11, 37, 65–70, 76–8, 82–6, 110–12, 127, 145, 185
rate 36
retrogressive 47
river 123
salt marsh 138–9
secondary viii, 8, 9, 11, 38, 66, 111, 144, 162–5
spontaneous
succession models 66
competitive inhibition model 66, 111
facilitation model 66
initial floristic composition 66
relay floristics model 66, 67
sustainability 7
swamp 25
taiga 148–9 (see also fire: taiga)
talus 88, 89, 91, 94, 98
Tanzania 34, 63
target (restoration) 172, 182
tectonic movement 15, 20, 56, 64, 75, 76, 88, 89, 107
tepui 89
Teton Dam, Idaho 24
Thor 14
Tombouctou (Mali) 47
tornadoes 15, 21, 22
tourism 73, 81, 119, 129
glaciers 57, 64–5
trajectory 36, 49–50, 172 (see also succession)
alternate 36
arrested
autogenic
convergent 50
deflected 50
divergent 50
parallel 50
retrogressive 47
stochastic 11, 50
tsunami vii, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15, 23, 32, 98, 101, 107, 114, 135, 167, 180
Indian Ocean 3, 5
Krakatau, Indonesia 5
Lisbon, Portugal
Reggio di Calabria, Italy 23
Thera, Greece 5
tuya 86, 87
urban 38, 55, 185, 187
Vatnajökull ice cap 58
vegetation mosaic 10, 157
Veneto, Italy 24
Vietnam 87
vital attribute 152
volcanoes vii, 1, 3–7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 18–20, 22, 24, 25, 27–40, 47, 69, 76, 80, 89, 101, 107, 114, 127, 131, 180
ash 2, 18, 20, 24, 30, 33, 37 (see also volcanoes: tephra)
Canary Islands (see also Canary Islands)
Casita Volcano 40
Columbia Basin, USA 74, 87
debris avalanche 30
Deccan Traps, India 87
Docters van Leeuven, D. M. 73
Dyrholaey Beach 90
ecological lessons from 34
ecological responses 29, 34–7
Eggler, W. A. 75
Griggs, R. F. 34, 75
Grímsvötn 39
Kilauea, Hawaii 28, 74, 76, 77, 81, 85
Krakatau, Sunda Strait 33, 73–4
lahar (mudflow) 25, 27, 30, 32, 33, 37, 39–40, 82
Laki, Iceland 1, 33
lava 73–87 (see also lava)
lives of humans 28, 32–4, 39
manipulating lava 85, 131
Mauna Loa, Hawaii 75, 82
Mount Etna, Sicily 34, 73, 75, 76, 79–83 (see also myths: Mount Etna)
Mount Erebus, Antarctica 86
Mt. Fuji, Japan 34, 76
Mt. Katmai, Alaska 33, 34
Mt. Hekla, Iceland 34, 81
Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 34, 81
Mt. Ksudach, Kamchatka Peninsula 28, 30, 31, 34
Mt. Manaro, New Hebrides 5, 85
Mt. Mayon, Philippines 2, 76
Mt. Nyiragongo, Rwanda 75, 81
Mt. Pelée, Martinique 5, 29, 33
Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines 24, 25, 33, 37, 40
Mt. Rainier, Washington 28, 34, 39, 58, 76
Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand 34, 39, 65, 79, 81
Mount St. Helens, Washington 29, 37, 78 (see also Mount St. Helens)
Mt. Tolbachik, Kamchatka Peninsula 34, 76–8, 81, 86
Mt. Taupo, New Zealand 33
Mt. Usu, Japan 38
Mt. Vesuvius, Italy 29, 32
myths and legends (see also myths)
Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia 33
nuée ardentes 28
Osceola lahar 28, 33, 58
Parícutin, Mexico 75
pyroclastic flows (avalanche) 19, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32–4, 75, 82, 148
Réunion Island 75, 187
Sakurajima, Japan 75, 76, 80
St. Pierre, Martinique 30, 33
scoria 27
Soufrière, St. Vincent 33
Tagawa, H. 74
Tambora, Indonesia 5, 33
Thera (Santorini), Greece 1, 5, 32
tephra 5, 19, 20, 24, 30–2, 34, 37, 38, 75, 76, 85, 98
Volcán Huayaputina, Peru 32
Vulcano, Sicily
Yellowstone Valley, USA 75, 127
war 4, 6, 7, 180, 186, 188
wetlands 4, 7, 44, 127, 132–42
wind dispersal 128
zonation 44, 105, 125, 128 (see also lakeshores: zonation; mangroves: zonation)